Policy Essay Assessment Answer

Introduction

In the vastness of Australia, a crisis that frequently goes unnoticed tightens its grip on people who are experiencing housing troubles or homelessness and transcends demographic and geographic lines. The search for permanent housing and basic requirements becomes a daily battle for these vulnerable people as they traverse a maze of difficulties. This essay examines their various traits, critical social welfare demands, and the crucial significance that the areas of income support and housing policy play. The essay will also illuminate their significant impact on this marginalised group by analysing the benefits and drawbacks of these policy pillars. However, as one looks out into the distance, a number of possible difficulties become apparent: continuing housing shortages, as well as the restrictions on income support programs, made worse by the gloom of economic uncertainty. This ominous situation highlights the urgent need for flexible and all-encompassing policies that address both the surface-level issues of housing and the more fundamental ones of mental health, employment, and affordability. In order to provide people with the chance to reconstruct their life and regain their dignity, society has a responsibility to build a foundation of secure housing.

Description of the population group

People experiencing housing issues or homelessness in Australia constitute a diverse and vulnerable population grappling with multifaceted challenges related to stable housing and basic necessities. This demographic encompasses a wide spectrum, including individuals, families, and even youth, who confront the absence of secure, suitable, and affordable housing, consequently leading to homelessness or tenuous living conditions (Warburton et al., 2018). Their characteristics are manifold, with homelessness transcending age, gender, and cultural backgrounds. This predicament affects single individuals and families, with a notable proportion comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, underscoring the issue's deep-seated complexity (Pearson et al., 2020).

Economic disadvantage is a prevailing concern, as many grappling with housing instability endure low income or unemployment, rendering them financially unable to secure permanent housing in Australia's expensive rental market (Quicke & Green, 2017). Mental health issues and substance abuse further complicate the situation. Moreover, a significant portion of homeless women and families are survivors of domestic violence, necessitating specialised support and secure accommodations to break free from dangerous circumstances (Chikwawa et al., 2022). Additionally, the nation faces a disconcerting challenge of youth homelessness, with young individuals often fleeing unstable home environments or aging out of foster care systems, warranting targeted intervention (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2021).

Social welfare needs

The social welfare needs of this population are pressing and encompass a range of critical services and support mechanisms. Immediate access to secure and stable emergency shelters is paramount to offer respite for those confronting homelessness. It is crucial to offer rental assistance programs and affordable housing options in order to address the root causes of homelessness and support those who are transitioning to stable living situations (Housing, 2021). To address the link between mental health and homelessness and offer them complete care, mental health services, counselling, and addiction treatment are also essential. By providing skill development, training, and job placement aid, employment and education support programs are essential in enabling people to restore self-sufficiency (Brackertz et al., 2018). Similarly to this, survivors of domestic violence need specialised resources to ensure their safety and healing, such as safe housing and legal assistance. For homeless youth, specialised services encompassing accommodation options, education support, and outreach programs are vital to intervene early and break the cycle of homelessness (Mayock & Neary, 2021).

Relevant evidence and statistics underscore the urgency of these issues. Unsettlingly, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who make up around 20% of the homeless population, are disproportionately affected (Australian Parliament House, 2020). Around 22,000 young Australians between the ages of 12 and 24 sought assistance from homelessness services in 2019–2020, according to a report by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), highlighting the urgent need for youth-focused interventions (AIHW, 2020). The lack of affordable housing is stark, as a 2022 study by the Anglicare Australia Rental Affordability Snapshot found that less than 1% of rental properties were within reach for individuals receiving government payments (Anglicare Australia, 2022).

Social policy domains, in relation to the chosen group- Income support and housing

In Australia, the challenges faced by individuals experiencing housing issues or homelessness intersect profoundly with two pivotal social policy domains: income support and housing. These domains are instrumental in alleviating the hardships endured by this vulnerable demographic, aiming to establish stability and restore dignity to their lives (Department of Social Services, 2023). The domain of income support stands as a cornerstone in the endeavour to provide much-needed financial relief to individuals and families teetering on the brink of homelessness. Designed as a safety net, income support policies such as the JobSeeker Payment (formerly Newstart Allowance) and the Age Pension are crucial in preventing economic instability from translating into housing precarity. However, evidence highlights the pressing need for reform. Prior to its transformation in 2021, the JobSeeker Payment faced criticism due to its insufficient benefit level, often relegating recipients to living below the poverty line (Australian Parliament House, 2022). In response, advocacy groups like the Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) underscored the significance of enhancing income support payments, asserting that higher benefits could serve as a proactive buffer against homelessness. Their argument centred on the idea that augmented income support would empower recipients to secure housing and meet their essential needs, thereby circumventing the looming threat of homelessness (ACOSS, 2022).

Concurrently, the housing domain in Australia stands as a critical frontier in the battle against homelessness, striving to ensure equitable access to secure, suitable, and affordable living conditions for all citizens. Adequate housing policies go beyond providing shelter; they are paramount in forestalling homelessness and enabling individuals and families to maintain their lives with a semblance of dignity (AIHW, 2023). The "Everybody's Home" campaign underscored a staggering deficit with respect to social and affordable rental homes across Australia, shedding light on the pronounced scarcity of affordable housing options. In this context, policies geared toward addressing affordable housing, such as social housing initiatives and rental assistance programs, emerge as indispensable tools in confronting the housing crisis head-on (Community Housing Industry Association NSW [CHIA NSW], 2023). Such policies, by offering individuals and families the prospect of secure housing, thereby significantly curtail the vulnerability to homelessness. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2021 Census data reinforced this significance, revealing that inadequate or unsuitable housing was a principal contributor to homelessness. For instance, 122,494 people were estimated to be experiencing homelessness on Census night in 2021 (ABS, 2023). The lack of affordable options leaves some individuals and families with no recourse but to occupy overcrowded or temporary dwellings, substantially heightening their susceptibility to homelessness (Kaleveld et al., 2018).

Strengths and limitations of social policy domains and their impact on people experiencing housing issues or homelessness

The policy domains of income support and housing in Australia are pivotal in the context of addressing the multifaceted challenges encountered by individuals grappling with housing issues or homelessness. These domains, while bearing inherent strengths, are not without limitations, and their dynamics profoundly impact this vulnerable population (Department of Social Services, 2023). Income support programs, exemplified by the JobSeeker Payment and the Age Pension, embody a critical strength by providing immediate financial relief and functioning as a safety net during periods of economic uncertainty. These programs offer a lifeline for those facing job loss or financial hardship, serving as a buffer against destitution and potential homelessness (Parliamentary Budget Office, 2022). The quick infusion of funds can help individuals maintain a modicum of stability and meet immediate needs. However, the efficacy of income support is hindered by its limitations, most notably the relatively low benefit levels. Research conducted by the Australian Parliament House (2022) underscores that the base rate of the JobSeeker Payment, formerly known as Newstart Allowance, fell drastically below the poverty line. This inadequacy becomes more pronounced when considering the high cost of living, particularly housing expenses. Such limitations render recipients susceptible to housing instability, perpetuating a cycle of vulnerability that often culminates in homelessness (Huntley, 2021).

Conversely, housing policies wield strengths that emanate from their emphasis on affordable housing initiatives and the potential to serve as a preventive mechanism against homelessness. These policies recognise the intrinsic connection between stable housing and overall well-being. Providing affordable housing options, bolstered by initiatives and support, offers individuals and families the prospect of securing a safe haven while minimising the risk of homelessness (Martin et al., 2023). The impact of these policies is particularly evident in the context of those escaping domestic violence or facing housing precarity due to financial strain (Murray et al., 2022). However, housing policies also grapple with limitations, notably the persisting shortage of affordable housing units across Australia. The "Everybody's Home" campaign shed light on this alarming deficit, revealing that the availability of social and affordable rental homes falls significantly short of the demand (CH IA NSW, 2023). Moreover, housing policies might not adequately account for geographical variations in housing costs, which can hinder their efficacy in specific regions marked by high living expenses (Saberi et al., 2017).

Potential future issues faced by the population group

Looking ahead, individuals grappling with housing issues or homelessness in Australia are poised to confront several potential future challenges under the umbrella of current policies addressing their social welfare needs. Despite existing efforts, these policies may not fully alleviate the complex issues facing this vulnerable population, indicating areas of potential concern (Crabtree, 2018). Foremost among these challenges is the enduring scarcity of affordable housing units, a predicament accentuated by initiatives such as the "Everybody's Home" campaign. This shortage persists, forcing individuals and families into precarious living situations that increase their susceptibility to homelessness. Unless comprehensive measures are implemented to bolster the availability of affordable housing substantially, the struggle to secure stable accommodations could persist (CH IA NSW, 2023).

Another concern arises from the limitations of income support programs, like the JobSeeker Payment, which, while offering immediate financial relief, may not be sufficient to combat the multifaceted hardships posed by housing instability. Even with recent reforms, the adequacy of these payments remains questionable, particularly in regions with exorbitant living costs (Huntley, 2021). Furthermore, the spectre of ongoing economic challenges looms large. Instances of economic downturns and fluctuations in the job market, akin to the COVID-19 pandemic's repercussions, underscore the potential for heightened job losses and diminished income opportunities. These circumstances can directly compromise individuals' ability to secure and maintain housing, necessitating comprehensive and adaptable policies to ensure stability during periods of economic turbulence (Risse, 2023).

The intricate interplay between homelessness and mental health concerns adds another layer of complexity. Without dedicated resources and a holistic approach to mental health support within social welfare policies, individuals may find it challenging to extricate themselves from homelessness. Similarly, the absence of comprehensive support services, encompassing employment aid, addiction treatment, and mental health care, hampers the trajectory toward stable housing and overall well-being (Karadzhov et al., 2020). Lastly, the overarching challenge of housing affordability persists, particularly in urban enclaves. Despite policy endeavours to enhance affordability, the soaring costs of living, especially housing, could potentially outstrip these initiatives. This scenario may amplify homelessness rates, especially among those struggling to bridge the affordability gap (National Shelter, 2023).

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is an urgent need for quick attention and comprehensive solutions to the problems encountered by people who are homeless or have housing troubles in Australia. The different characteristics of this vulnerable demographic were addressed in this essay, with a focus on the importance of social welfare support, mental health issues, and economic challenges. Exploring the crucial significance of housing and income support policy domains while admitting their advantages and disadvantages. Looking ahead, major obstacles that call for creative solutions include the continued lack of affordable housing options and the inadequateness of income support programs. Economic uncertainty highlights the importance of flexible policies. It is crucial to address mental health issues and offer all-encompassing support services. Stakeholder cooperation is essential for creating comprehensive solutions. It is vital for society to provide marginalised people with safe shelter and opportunities and regain their dignity and stability.

References

Anglicare Australia. (2022). Rental affordability snapshot. https://www.anglicare.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Rental-Affordability-Snapshot-National-report.pdf

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Estimating homelessness: Census. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/estimating-homelessness-census/latest-release

Australian Council of Social Service. (2022). Advocacy and impact - ACOSS. https://www.acoss.org.au/policy/

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Specialist homelessness services annual report 2019-20. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/shs-annual-report-2019-20/contents/clients-with-a-current-mental-health-issue

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Homelessness among Indigenous Australians. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/homelessness-among-indigenous-australians/summary

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Homelessness and overcrowding. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/homelessness-and-overcrowding

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023) Housing assistance in Australia. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/housing-assistance/housing-assistance-in-australia/contents/housing-assistance

Australian Parliament House. (2020). Reducing the incidence & impact of homelessness on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=40a7e9dd-fe85-49e6-b8a1-b29b83249c79&subId=685861

Australian Parliament House. (2022). Reviewing the adequacy of income support payments. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2022/December/Income-support-adequacy

Brackertz, N., Wilkinson, A., & Davison, J. (2018). Housing, homelessness and mental health: Towards systems change. AHURI Research Paper, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne . https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery

Chikwava, F., O’Donnell, M., Ferrante, A., Pakpahan, E., & Cordier, R. (2022). Patterns of homelessness and housing instability and the relationship with mental health disorders among young people transitioning from out-of-home care: Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data. Plos One , 17 (9), e0274196. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274196

Community Housing Industry Association NSW. (2023). Housing matters April 2023. https://communityhousing.org.au/housing-matter/

Crabtree, L. (2018). Self-organised housing in Australia: Housing diversity in an age of market heat. International Journal of Housing Policy , 18 (1), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2016.1198083

Department of Social Services. (2023). National housing and homelessness plan issues paper. https://engage.dss.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/national-housing-and-homelessness-plan-issues-paper_2.pdf

Housing, A. (2021). Housing Crisis. City . https://rva.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Homelessness%20Advisory%20Council%20Final%20Report_0.pdf

Huntley, K. (2021). Poverty and social security experiences in Australia: Experiences of wellbeing for recipients of the 2020 JobSeeker payment. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1576/

Kaleveld, L., Seivwright, A., Box, E., Callis, Z., & Flatau, P. (2018). Homelessness in Western Australia: A review of the research and statistical evidence. https://doi.org/10.25916/5b6386ebc913a

Karadzhov, D., Yuan, Y., & Bond, L. (2020). Coping amidst an assemblage of disadvantage: A qualitative metasynthesis of first‐person accounts of managing severe mental illness while homeless. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , 27 (1), 4-24.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12524

Martin, C., Lawson, J., Milligan, V., Hartley, C., Pawson, H., & Dodson, J. (2023). Towards an Australian Housing and Homelessness Strategy: Understanding national approaches in contemporary policy. https://doi.org/10.18408/ahuri7127901

Mayock, P., & Neary, F. (2021). Domestic Violence & Family Homelessness. https://www.focusireland.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Domestic-Violence-and-Family-Homelessness-Report_FINAL.pdf

Murray, S., Bullen, J., Theobald, J., & Watson, J. (2022). Building the evidence for family violence policy reform: The work of specialist women’s refuges in Victoria, Australia. Social Policy and Society , 21 (3), 422-438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746421000051

National Shelter. (2023). Pre-Budget Submission 2023-24. https://shelter.org.au/site/wp-content/uploads/20230127-National-Shelter-Pre-Budget-Submission-2023_24-1.0.pdf

Parliamentary Budget Office. (2022). JobSeeker Payment: COVID-19, age & gender. https://www.pbo.gov.au/about-budgets/budget-insights/budget-bites/jobseeker-payment-covid-19-age-gender

Pearson, O., Schwartzkopff, K., Dawson, A., Hagger, C., Karagi, A., Davy, C., & Leadership Group guiding the Centre for Research Excellence in Aboriginal Chronic Disease Knowledge Translation and Exchange (CREATE). (2020). Aboriginal community controlled health organisations address health equity through action on the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. BMC Public Health , 20 , 1-13.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09943-4

Quicke, S. P., & Green, C. (2017). Precarious residence: Indigenous housing and the right to the city. Geoforum , 85 , 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.023

Risse, L. (2023). The economic impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: A closer look at gender gaps in employment, earnings and education. Australian Economic Review , 56 (1), 91-108.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12502

Saberi, M., Wu, H., Amoh-Gyimah, R., Smith, J., & Arunachalam, D. (2017). Measuring housing and transportation affordability: A case study of Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Transport Geography , 65 , 134-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.007

Warburton, W., Whittaker, E., & Papic, M. (2018). Homelessness pathways for Australian single mothers and their children: An exploratory study. Societies , 8 (1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8010016

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